● Boil water: Effectively kills most bacteria and viruses, but is ineffective against some high-temperature-resistant microorganisms. ● Water filters: RO and UV sterilizers are very efficient at sterilization and virus removal, while ultrafiltration and activated carbon filters are relatively weak.

Benefits of UV filters for hair: preventing hair damage, improving hair shine, reducing dryness and breakage, improving scalp health, extending the effects of hair dyes and perms, etc.

Manufacturing cost of reverse osmosis membranes includes material costs, equipment and energy costs, labor costs, and maintenance and management costs. Taking the manufacturing of one square meter of reverse osmosis membrane as an example, the total cost is approximately between US$20 and US$50.

Due to its high purity and excellent water quality characteristics, reverse osmosis water is suitable as a water source for ice makers. Ice cubes made with reverse osmosis water are transparent and pure, which can improve the taste and quality of drinks and reduce the maintenance cost of equipment.

A reverse osmosis system with a processing capacity of 5,000 liters/hour has a monthly electricity bill of approximately US$150, a water bill of approximately US$2,500, and a total operating cost of US$2,650.

● Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis: The pore size is smaller, usually below 0.001 microns, and can completely remove most microorganisms and viruses including E. coli. It is one of the most effective water treatment technologies at present.

Under normal circumstances, the replacement cycle of household reverse osmosis membranes is generally 2 to 3 years; the replacement cycle of commercial and industrial membranes is 1 to 2 years. Common household reverse osmosis membranes cost between US$30 and US$100...

Small household desalination plants are suitable for households on remote islands or coastal areas, and the water production capacity is usually 100 to 500 liters per hour. Such plants are relatively affordable, generally between US$2,000 and US$10,000.

● Water output (Qp): 30,000 liters per hour ● Recovery rate (R): 60% ● Calculate the recovery rate using the formula: Qin = Qp/R ● Substitute the known values ​​into: Qin = 30,000 liters per hour/60% = 50,000 liters per hour

Taking the reverse osmosis device with a daily output of 50 tons of fresh water as an example, its daily energy consumption is about 1000 to 1500 kWh. Calculated at 0.1 US dollars/kWh, the daily energy cost is about 100 to 150 US dollars.