Common types of water treatment equipment used in laboratories are 1. Reverse osmosis (RO) system 2. Deionization (DI) system 3. Ultrapure water system 4. Distilled water machine 5. Activated carbon filter 6. Ultraviolet disinfector

Ultraviolet disinfection technology is widely used in water treatment, mainly including drinking water treatment, sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, aquaculture and swimming pool disinfection.

Cellulose membranes are mainly made of cellulose acetate and were widely used in reverse osmosis systems in the early days. Cellulose membranes have good chlorine resistance, but poor stability under high temperature and low pH environments.

Because it needs to pass through a semi-permeable membrane to remove dissolved solids and microorganisms in the water, the RO system has a higher water pressure requirement. A RO system requires a water pressure of 40-80 psi to operate normally, and the optimal operating pressure is around 60 psi.

The goal of a water treatment plant is to comprehensively remove various pollutants in water, including organic matter, inorganic matter, heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms. The goal of a water filtration plant is mainly to remove suspended matter and impurities in water.

The main types of water treatment plants are: 1. Drinking water treatment plants, 2. Sewage treatment plants, 3. Industrial water treatment plants, 4. Seawater desalination plants.

A drinking water filtration system is a device used to purify tap water or other water sources. It removes impurities, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals and chemical pollutants in water through a variety of filtration technologies to provide safe and healthy drinking water.

Common filter media in drinking water treatment are: 1. Activated carbon, 2. Quartz sand, 3. Ceramic filter element, 4. Anthracite, 5. Ion exchange resin.

According to the Indian Water Works Association (IWWA), the cost of building a medium-sized drinking water treatment plant (with a daily processing capacity of 100,000 cubic meters) is approximately between 5 billion and 7 billion Indian rupees (approximately US$67 million to US$94 million).

The reverse osmosis filter passes water molecules through the membrane pores under high pressure through a semipermeable membrane, while pollutants such as dissolved salts, heavy metals, bacteria and viruses are retained on the other side of the membrane to achieve the purpose of water purification.